The manual steering system, also known as the mechanical steering system, is the earliest automotive steering technology. It transmits the rotational motion of the steering wheel to the wheels of the vehicle through a physical connection. The power steering system is developed on the basis of the manual steering system.

When the rack and pinion system fails, the vehicle's driving trajectory may be abnormal. For example, the vehicle may deviate from the straight driving trajectory even if the steering wheel is in the neutral position.

In the current automotive market, hydraulic power steering systems (HPS) and electronic hydraulic power steering systems (EHPS) are still widely used, and both systems rely on power steering pumps.

HPS racks are more common in large vehicles and some high-performance models that focus on driving experience. These types of vehicles have high requirements for the durability, reliability and steering feel of the steering system, and the HPS system has obvious advantages in this regard.

The power steering rack is connected to the steering gear and steering wheel, and is responsible for converting the driver's steering instructions into actual steering actions of the wheels. Traditional mechanical steering requires a lot of force, while the power steering makes steering easier.

The hydraulic fluid used in hydraulic power steering systems must have specific properties to ensure smooth operation and long life of the system. Hydraulic fluids are mainly divided into the following types: 1. Mineral Oil 2. Synthetic Hydraulic Fluid 3. Semi-Synthetic Hydraulic Fluid 4. Specialty Hydraulic Fluids

Electric power steering system (EPS) is one of the most commonly used steering system types in the world. Unlike traditional hydraulic power steering system, electric power steering system directly provides steering assistance through electric motor.

some manufacturers recommend replacing the steering fluid every two years or every 40,000 to 50,000 kilometers. Owners should first refer to the recommendations in the vehicle manual and follow their instructions for replacement.

Advantages of hydraulic power steering system: Provides stable and powerful steering assistance Sensitive feedback and precise control Strong adaptability, suitable for a variety of vehicles High stability and reliability Relatively low cost Disadvantages of hydraulic power steering system: Low fuel efficiency Large volume and increased weight Complex maintenance and many vulnerable parts Inferior control feel to mechanical steering High noise

The steering pump is responsible for providing sufficient pressure to the entire hydraulic system to ensure that the hydraulic oil can effectively push the steering rack. However, when the performance of the steering pump declines, the flow rate and pressure of the hydraulic oil will be affected.